Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel and Bio-Diesel as A Fuel in VCR Engine

Abstract

The ??n?erns ?n ?lim?te ?h?nge, the high energy ?ri?es ?nd the dwindling ?il reserves ?nd su??lies h?ve ne?essit?ted ? str?ng interest in the rese?r?h ?f ?ltern?tive fuel s?ur?es. Bi?diesel is ?n ?ltern?tive renew?ble fuel th?t h?s g?ined m?ssive ?ttenti?n in re?ent ye?rs. Studies ?n the ?hysi??l ?r??erties ?f bi?diesel h?ve sh?wn th?t it is ??m?letely mis?ible with ?etr?leum diesel. Sin?e the ??mbusti?n ?f bi?diesel emits ??rti?ul?te m?tter ?nd g?ses whi?h is l?wer th?n ?etr?diesel, ??mbusti?n ?f bi?diesel ?nd bi?diesel blends h?ve sh?wn ? signifi??nt redu?ti?n in ??rti?ul?te m?tter ?nd exh?ust emissi?ns. In this review ???er, the use ?f ?ure bi?diesel ?r bi?diesel blends in terms ?f ?erf?rm?n?e ?nd exh?ust emissi?ns h?s been studied in ??m??ris?n t? ?etr?leum diesel miner?l diesel. ??mbusti?n dur?ti?n f?r bi?diesel blends w?s sh?rter th?n miner?l diesel.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Depletion  ?f  fossil  fuels  ?nd environmental  awareness  has  devel??ed  the need  t?  find  alternatives  t?  diesel  fuels  which ?l?ys  ?  m?j?r  r?le  in  the  industry  ?nd  the e??n?my  ?f  any  ??untry. Bi?m?ss  ?nd especially  veget?ble  ?ils  ?re  seen  t?  be  ?n efficient  s?luti?n  ?n  ?n  intern?ti?n?l  s??le. This  n?n-t?xi?  res?ur?e  ??uld  be  ?r?du?ed  ?t sm?ll  s??le,  whi?h  ??uld  ?r?vide  energy  in  ? de?entr?lized  m?nner.  The  ??rb?n  emissi?ns ?r?du?ed  during  the  ??mbusti?n  ?f  these  ?ils ?re  the  ?nes  whi?h  w?s  fixed  by  the  ?l?nt, theref?re  veget?ble  ?ils  d?n't  in?re?se  the gl?b?l  b?l?n?e  ?f  ??2.  N?w?d?ys  gre?t ?r?gress  h?s  been  m?de  t?  im?r?ve  the  w?y veget?ble  ?ils  ?re  used.  The  use  ?f veget?ble ?ils  in  unm?dified  engines  le?ds  t?  m?ny ?r?blems  in  l?ng  term  us?ge.  Three  m?j?r dr?wb??ks  ?f  veget?ble  ?ils  ?dversely  ?ffe?t the  ?erf?rm?n?e  ?f  the  engine  n?mely  high vis??sity,  ???r  v?l?tility  ?nd  ??lyuns?tur?ted ?h?r??ter.  The  high  vis??sity  ?f  veget?ble  ?ils im?lies  ineffi?ient  ?um?ing  ?nd  s?r?y f?rm?ti?n.  Theref?re,  ?ir  ?nd  fuel  ?re  n?t ??tim?lly  mixed  ?nd  ??mbusti?n  is in??m?lete.  Furtherm?re,  the  l?w  v?l?tility  ?f veget?ble  ?ils  ?nd  their  ?bility  t?  ??lymerize (due  t?  uns?tur?ti?n)  le?d  t?  l?ts  ?f  ??rb?n de??sits,  inje?t?r  ??king  ?nd  ?ist?n  ring sti?king.  T?  elimin?te  these  issues,  m?ny different  ?r??esses  were  devel??ed  t?  m?ke these  ?ils  ?d??t  t?  m?dern  engines.  They ?ll?w  the  veget?ble  ?ils  t?  ?tt?in  ?r??erties very  ?l?se  t?  miner?l  diesel.  These  ?r??esses in?lude  dire?t  use  by  blending,  mi?r?emulsi?n, ?yr?lysis,  tr?nsesterifi??ti?n et?.

Tr?nsesterifi??ti?n  (?l??h?lysis)  is  ?  ?hemi??lre??ti?n  between  trigly?erides  ?resent  in  the veget?ble  ?ils  ?nd  ?rim?ry  ?l??h?ls  in  the ?resen?e  ?f  ?  ??t?lyst  t?  ?r?du?e  m?n?esters.  The  l?ng  ?nd  br?n?hed-?h?in trigly?eride  m?le?ules  ?re  tr?nsf?rmed  int? m?n?esters  ?nd  gly?erine.  Sever?l ex?eriment?l  investig?ti?ns  h?ve  been  ??rried ?ut  by  rese?r?hers  ?r?und  the  w?rld  t? ev?lu?te  the  engine  ?erf?rm?n?e  ?f  different bi?diesel  blends.  Generally,  ?  slight  ??wer loss,  redu?ti?n  in  t?rque  ?nd  increased  b?si? were  ?bserved  in  the  see  ?f  bi?diesel  fuelled engines.  ?ltin  et  all.  studied  the  effe?t  ?f sunfl?wer  ?il,  ??tt?nseed  ?il,  s?y?be?n  ?il  ?nd their  methyl  esters  in  ?  single  ?ylinder,  f?urstr?ke  dire?t  inje?ti?n  diesel  engine.  They ?bserved  ?  slight  3  redu?ti?ns  in  the  t?rque ?nd  ??wer  ?r?du?ed  ?nd  in?re?sed  b?si?  in the  ??se  ?f  bi?diesel  fuelled  engines.  Similar results  were  re??rted  by  Kaufman  ?nd Ziejewski  ?nd  ?nt?lin  et  ?l  f?r  sunfl?wer methyl  ester;  ?l?rk  et  ?l.,  M?d?n?ld. f?r s?ybe?n  esters;  ?eters?n  et  ?l.  f?r  r??eseed ?il  methyl  ester  et?.  ??rr?rett??l.  ??rried ?ut  investig?ti?ns  ?n  six  ?ylinders  dire?t inje?ti?n  diesel  engine.  The  in?re?se  ?f bi?diesel  ?er?ent?ge  in  the  blend  inv?lves  ? slight  de?re?se  ?f  b?th  ??wer  ?nd  t?rque  ?ver the  entire  s?eed  r?nge.  In  ??rti?ul?r,  with  ?ure bi?diesel,  there  w?s  ?  redu?ti?n  by  ?b?ut  3% m?ximum  ??wer  ?nd  ?b?ut  5%  ?f  m?ximum t?rque.  M?re?ver,  with  ?ure  bi?diesel,  the m?ximum  t?rque  w?s  f?und  t?  h?ve  re??hed  ? higher  engine  s?eed.  H?wever,  ?l-widy?n  et  ?l re??rted  slightly  in?re?sed  ??wer  ?nd  l?wer b?si?  f?r  w?ste  ?il  bi?diesel  fuelled  engines.

R?hm?n  ?nd ?h?d?tre  re??rted  ?ver?ge  ?f  6% in?re?sed  br?ke  ??wer  ?ut?ut  f?r  ?  K?r?nj?  ?il bi?diesel  u?  t?  40%  blend  (B40)  ?nd  with  ? further  in?re?se  in  the  bi?diesel ?er?ent?ge  in the  blend,  engine  ??wer  redu?ed.  R?hm?n  et ?l.ev?lu?ted  the  ?erf?rm?n?e  ?f  bi?diesel blends  ?t  different  ??m?ressi?n  r?ti?s  ?nd inje?ti?n  timings  ?f  the  engine.  F?r  the  s?me ??er?ting  ??nditi?ns,  the  ?erf?rm?n?e  ?f  the engine  w?s  redu?ed  with  ?n  in?re?se  in bi?diesel  ?er?ent?ge  in  the  blend.H?wever, with  the  in?re?se  in  ??m?ressi?n  r?ti?  ?nd ?dv?n?es  in  inje?ti?n  timing,  this  differen?e w?s  redu?ed  ?nd  the  engine  ?erf?rm?n?e be??me  ??m??r?ble  t?  diesel.  N?bi  et  ?l. investig?ted  the  ?erf?rm?n?e  ?nd  emissi?n ?h?r??teristi?s  ?f  Neem  ?il  bi?diesel  blends  in ?  DI  engine  ?nd  re??rted  ?  redu?ti?n  in emissi?ns  in?luding  sm?ke  ?nd  ??,  while  N?x  emissi?n  w?s  in?re?sed  with  diesel-N?ME blends  in  ??m??ris?n  t?  ??nventi?n?l  diesel fuel.With  EGR  15%  N?ME-diesel  blend sh?wed  better  BTE  ?nd  l?wer  N?x  in ??m??ris?n  t?  miner?l  diesel.

II. BIODIESEL CHARACTERISTICS

Im??rt?nt  ?r??erties  ?f  Neem  ?il  bi?diesel blends  used  in  the  study  ?re  ??m??red  with miner?l  diesel  .    7.5% Neem  ?il  bi?diesel  blend  is  within  s?e?ified ?STM  limit and compare with 100%pure diesel.  but  the  vis??sity  ?f  ne?t  bi?diesel  w?s  higher  th?n  s?e?ified  ?STM  limit  ?f  5  ?ST ?t  40?  ?.  ??l?rifi?  v?lue  ?f  bi?diesel  ?nd  blend is  l?wer  th?n  miner?l  diesel. The  density  ?f bi?diesel  ?nd  blend  is  ?l?se  t?  miner?l diesel.

The indicative Properties are as follows:

A. Setup for Experimentation

 It w?s  used  f?r  delivering  sign?ls  ?f  ?r?nk  ?ngle with  ?  res?luti?n  ?f  0.5°  ?r?nk  ?ngle.  ?  TD? m?rker  w?s  used  t?  l???te  the  t??  de?d ?entre  ??siti?n  in  every  ?y?le  ?f  the  engine. The  sign?ls  fr?m  the  ?h?rge  ?m?lifier,  TD? F?ur-str?ke,  single-?ylinder,  ??nst?nt-s?eed, w?ter-???led,  dire?t  inje?ti?n  diesel  engine (M?ke:  Kirl?sk?r  ?il  Engines  Ltd.  Indi?;  M?del: DM-10)  w?s  used  t?  study  the  effe?t  ?f  Neem ?il  bi?diesel  blends  ?n  ?erf?rm?n?e  ?nd emissi?ns  ?f  the  engine.  The  det?iled s?e?ifi??ti?ns  ?f  the  engine  ?re  given  in  T?ble 2. 

The  engine  ??er?ted  ?t  ?  ??nst?nt  s?eed  ?f 1500  r?m.  The  inlet  v?lve  ??ens  4.5°  bef?re TD?  ?nd  ?l?ses  35.5°  ?fter  BD?.  The  exh?ust v?lve  ??ens  35.5°  bef?re  BD?  ?nd  ?l?ses  4.5° ?fter  TD?.  The  fuel  inje?ti?n  ?ressure re??mmended  by  the  m?nuf??turer  is  in  the r?nge  ?f  200-205  b?rs.  This  engine  ??nsists  ?f ?  gr?vity-fed  fuelling  system  with  ?n  effi?ient ???er  element  filter,  f?r?e-feed  lubri??ti?n  f?r the  m?in  be?ring,  l?rge-end  be?rings  ?nd ??msh?ft  bush;  run-thr?ugh  ?r  therm?-si?h?n ???ling  system  (Figure  1).  ?  ?iez?ele?tri? ?ressure  tr?nsdu?er  (M?ke:  Kistler Instruments,  Switzerl?nd;  M?del: 6613?Q09-01)  w?s  inst?lled  in  the  engine ?ylinder  he?d  t?  ??quire  the  ??mbusti?n ?ressure–?r?nk  ?ngle  hist?ry. M??hining  f?r inst?ll?ti?n  ?f  the  ?ressure  tr?nsdu?er  w?s d?ne  in  the  ?ylinder  he?d  ?nd  the  engine m?in  sh?ft  w?s  ??u?led  with  ?  ?re?isi?n sh?ft en??der  (M?ke:  En??der  Indi?  Limited, F?rid?b?d).  Sign?ls  fr?m  the  ?ressure tr?nsdu?er  were  ?m?lified  using  ?  ?h?rge ?m?lifier.  The  high-?re?isi?n  sh?ft  en??der m?rker  ?nd  sh?ft  en??der  were  ??quired  using ?  high-s?eed  d?t?  ??quisiti?n  system  (M?ke: Hi-Te?hniques,  US?;  M?del:  N?SD?Q).  Engine tests  ?re  d?ne  ?t  1500±3  R?M,  f?r  200  b?r fuel  inje?t?r  ?ressure  f?r  diesel,  100%  Neem ?il  bi?diesel  (NB100)  ?nd  20%  blend  ?f  Neem ?il  bi?diesel  with  miner?l  diesel  (NB20)

The  ?ylinder  ?ressure  d?t?  were  ??quired  f?r 50  ??nse?utive  ?y?les  ?nd  then  ?ver?ged  t? elimin?te  the  effe?t  ?f  ?y?le-t?-?y?le v?ri?ti?ns.  ?ll  tests  were  ??rried  ?ut  ?fter  the therm?l  st?biliz?ti?n  ?f  the  engine. Exh?ust  g?s  ????ity  w?s  me?sured  using  ? sm?ke  ????imeter  (M?ke:  ?VL  ?ustri?,  M?del: 437).  The  exh?ust  g?s  ??m??siti?n  w?s me?sured  using  ?n  exh?ust  g?s  ?n?lyzer (M?ke:  ?VL  Indi?,  M?del:  DIG?S  444).It me?sures  ??2,  ??,  H?,  N?  ?nd  ?2??n?entr?ti?ns  in  the  exh?ust  g?s. Ex?eriments  were  ??ndu?ted  ?t  200  b?rs  ?f fuel  inje?ti?n  ?ressure  t?  ??m??re  the ?erf?rm?n?e  ?f  20%  ?nd  100%  bi?diesel blends  with  miner?l  diesel.  BSF?  f?r  NB100 ?nd  NB  20  is  higher  th?n  miner?l  diesel (Figure  2(?)).  BSF?  w?s  ?bserved  t?  be in?re?sed  with  the  in?re?sing  ?r???rti?n  ?f bi?diesel  in  the  fuel.  The  Br?ke  therm?l effi?ien?y  ?f  ?ure  bi?diesel  w?s  highest ?m?ng  the  fuels  used.  ?ll  the  blends  sh?wed higher  therm?l  effi?ien?y  th?n  miner?l  diesel (Figure  2(b)).  Exh?ust  g?s  tem?er?ture  f?r bi?diesel  blends  is  l?wer  th?n  miner?l  diesel (Figure  2(?)).  But  de?ressi?n  in  exh?ust  g?s tem?er?ture  is  n?t  ?r???rti?n?l  t?  the qu?ntity  ?f  bi?diesel  in  the  fuel. L?wer exh?ust  g?s  tem?er?ture  is  ??used  by  better therm?l  effi?ien?y.

III. ENGINE EMISSIONS

The  emissi?ns  ?f  ?? in?re?se  with  in?re?sing  l??d  (Figure  3  (?)). Higher  the  l??d,  ri?her  fuel-?ir  mixture  is burned,  ?nd  thus  m?re  ??  is  ?r?du?ed  due  t? l??k  ?f  ?xygen. ?t  l?wer  l??ds,  ??  emissi?ns f?r  bi?diesel  blends  ?re  ?l?se  t?  miner?l diesel.  ?t  higher  l??d,  the  bi?diesel  blends sh?w  ?  signifi??nt  redu?ti?n  in  ??  emissi?n. ?ll  the  bi?diesel  blends  exhibit  l?wer  H? emissi?ns  ??m??red  t?  miner?l  diesel  (Figure 3(b)).  This  m?y  be  due  t?  better  ??mbusti?n  ?f bi?diesel  blends  due  t?  the  ?resen?e  ?f ?xygen.  ?n  in?re?se  in  the  emissi?n  ?f  N?  w?s ?bserved  in  ??m??ris?n  with  miner?l  diesel f?r  the  bi?diesel  fueled  engines  (Figure  3(?)). The  sm?ke  ????ity  f?r  bi?diesel  blend  fueled engines  w?s  l?wer  th?n  miner?l  diesel  ?t  ?ll l??ds  (Figure  3(d)).

IV. COMBUSTION ON CHARACTERSTICS

A. In-cylinder Pressure vs. Crank Angle Diagram

The  v?ri?ti?ns  in  the  in-?ylinder  ?ressure  with the  ?r?nk  ?ngle  f?r  7.5% bio-diesel  ?nd  100%  purediesel blends  ?t  different  engine  ??er?ting ??nditi?ns  with  ?  b?seline  d?t?  ?f  miner?l diesel  ?re  sh?wn  in  figures  4(?)-(?).  Fr?m these  figures,  it  ??n  be  n?ti?ed  th?t  ?t  higher engine  l??ds,  ?ressure  trends  ?re  ?lm?st simil?r  f?r  ?ll  the  fuels.  7.5%bi?diesel  blend sh?ws  del?yed  ?ressure  rise  w.r.t. miner?l diesel  ?t  l?wer  l??ds.  F?r  100%  purediesel  st?rt ?f  ?ressure  rise  is  ??m??r?ble  with  miner?l diesel. t  ?ll  engine  l??ds,  ??mbusti?n  st?rts e?rlier  f?r  100%  purediesel  th?n  miner?l  diesel while  f?r  7.5%  bi?diesel  blend,  the  st?rt  ?f ??mbusti?n  is  del?yed  w.r.t.  t?  miner?l  diesel. Igniti?n  del?y  f?r  ?ll  fuels  de?re?ses  ?s  the engine  l??d  in?re?ses  be??use  the  g?s tem?er?ture  inside  the  ?ylinder  is  higher  ?t high  engine  l??ds,  thus  redu?es  the  ?hysi??l igniti?n  del?y.  The  st?rt  ?f  ??mbusti?n  refle?ts the  v?ri?ti?n  in  igniti?n  del?y  be??use  fuel ?um?  ?nd  inje?t?r  settings  were  ke?t  identi??l f?r  ?ll  fuels. Figure  5(?)  sh?ws  the  m?ximum ?ylinder  ?ressure  ?t  different  l??ds  f?r different  blends. It  sh?ws  th?t,  ?t  ?ll  engine l??ds,  the  ?e?k  ?ressure  f?r  the  7.5%  bi?diesel blend  is  higher  th?n  miner?l  diesel. The  ?e?k ?ressure  f?r  2%  bi?diesel  is  higher  be??use ?f  the  sh?rter  igniti?n  del?y  ?nd  f?st  burning ?f  ???umul?ted  fuel.  Figure  5(b)  sh?ws  the ?r?nk  ?ngle,  ?t  whi?h  the  ?e?k  ?ylinder ?ressure  is  ?tt?ined  f?r  ?ll  fuels  under different  engine  ??er?ting  ??nditi?ns.  It  ??n be  ?bserved  th?t  with  in?re?sing  engine  l??d, ?e?k  ?ylinder  ?ressure  shifts  ?w?y  fr?m  TD? (Figure  5(b)).

Figure  6(?)  sh?ws  the  ?r?nk  ?ngle  f?r  the  5  ?er?ent  m?ss  fr??ti?n  burned.  This  figure  sh?ws th?t  5  ?er ?ent  ?f  fuel  burns  e?rlier  f?r  100% bi?diesel.  This  is  due  t?  the  e?rlier  st?rt  ?f ??mbusti?n  f?r  bi?diesel,  ?s  suggested  e?rlier. 7.5%  bi?diesel  blend  sh?ws  del?yed  st?rt  ?f ??mbusti?n  w.r.t.  t?  miner?l  diesel  whi?h indi??tes  del?y  in  the  st?rt  ?f  ??mbusti?n  due t?  higher  vis??sity  ?f  bi?diesel. F?r  100% bi?diesel  del?y  due  t?  higher  vis??sity  is ??m?ens?ted  by  ?  higher  ?et?ne  number  ?f bi?diesel.

Figure  6(b)  sh?ws  the  ?r?nk  ?ngle degree  f?r  50  ?er  ?ent  m?ss  fr??ti?n  burned ?t  different  engine  l??d  ??nditi?ns. Bi?diesel blends  t?ke  less  time  f?r  50%  ??mbusti?n  ?s ??m??red  t?  miner?l  diesel. Figure  6(?)  sh?ws the  ?r?nk  ?ngle  degree  f?r  90  ?er  ?ent  m?ss fr??ti?n  burned  ?t  different  engine  l??d ??nditi?ns. Bi?diesel  blends  t?ke  less  time  f?r 90%  ??mbusti?n  ?s  ??m??red  t?  miner?l diesel.

Conclusion

Neem oil biodiesels ?nd its blends were ?h?r??terized by me?suring its density, vis??sity ?nd ??l?rifi? v?lue. ?erf?rm?n?e emissi?n ?nd ??mbusti?n ?h?r??teristi?s ?f this bi?diesel ?nd its blends were me?sured in ? ??nst?nt s?eed dire?t inje?ti?n engine. Br?ke specific fuel ??nsum?ti?n f?r bi?diesel ?nd its blends w?s higher th?n miner?l diesel but br?ke therm?l effi?ien?y ?f ?ll the bi?diesel blends w?s l?wer th?n miner?l diesel. Br?ke s?e?ifi? ??2, ?? ?nd Hydr???rb?n emissi?ns f?r bi?diesel fuelled engine ??er?ti?n were l?wer th?n miner?l diesel but N? emissi?ns were higher f?r bi?diesel blends. ??mbusti?n 12 st?rted e?rlier f?r higher bi?diesel blend fuelled ??er?ting ??nditi?ns but the st?rt ?f ??mbusti?n w?s slightly del?yed f?r l?wer blends ?f bi?diesel in ??m??ris?n with miner?l diesel. ??mbusti?n dur?ti?n f?r bi?diesel blends w?s sh?rter th?n miner?l diesel. Blends of NEEM OIL and diesel have a potential to substitute the conventional fuel but with some advantage there is also some disadvantage that we discussed below. These blends can be used in a diesel engine without any modification. Mechanical efficiency at CR 18 increase terrifically with increasing load for sample 2 and sample 3. It is also noticed that mechanical efficiency more increase for sample 3 that is 7.5% of NEEM OIL CR 18 mechanical efficiency decrease with increasing A. Neem Oil BTE remains almost constant or little bit decrease with increase load for sample 2 and sample 3 as compared to sample 1. Initially fuel consumption is low for sample 2 and sample 3 as compared to sample 1 but after increasing load specific fuel consumption remains same for all sample. Overall we can say that less fuel consumption for sample 2 and sample 3 by diesel engine as compared to sample 1 that is pure diesel. Almost same brake mean effective pressure for all sample but at CR 18 notable increase in pressure for sample 3 and sample 2 as compared to sample 1 with increasing load. Nearly same brake power for all CR, only little bit deflection are noticed. For CR 18 higher torque is available for sample 3 10% biodiesel and sample 2 as compared to sample 1 but for in CR 18 7.5% is little bit high torque for sample 1 pure diesel as compared to others. B. Emission Conclusion The CO emission is minimum for all samples at CR 18 as compared to other sample of other CR so it is best suitable for CR 18. But if we compared sample wise CO emission goes minimum at CR 18 for sample 3 as compared to other samples. All sample emission is minimum at CR18 but for SAMPLE 2 at CR 18 initial emission is much minimum as compared to other then gradually increase There is very less NOx emission for sample 2 7.5% biodiesel and Sample 2 at CR 18 as compared to any other sample of any CR. HC Emission is minimum for sample 1 pure diesel at CR18 and CR 18 and maximum HC emission for sample 3 at CR 18.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Shivam Pal, Akshit Srivastav, Ankit Maurya , Devang Yadav, Abhishek Yadav . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.